IL-4 is critical in switching B lymphocytes to produce IgE, for expression of VCAM-1 on endothelial cells, and for inducing the differentiation of Th2 cells and IL-5, which is essential for the differentiation of eosinophils.
IL-4 is of critical importance in the differentiation of Th2 cells and is therefore an 'upstream' cytokine that is an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of atopic diseases. The critical role of IL-5 in eosinophilia has been confirmed by the use of an anti-IL-5 antibody in asthmatic patients, which almost depletes circulating eosinophils and prevents eosinophil recruitment into the airway after allergen.
IL-5 is a cytokine that is not encountered at high levels in healthy individuals. The control of IL-5 protein production takes place at the level of transcription. Literature shows that Th2 lymphocytes are presently considered the main orchestrator of allergic airway inflammation underlying asthma.
Functional analysis of the role of cytokines, largely based on the in vivo animal models, confirms this hypothesis. In particular, IL-4 and IL are involved in the isotype switch from IgM to IgE, the antibody responsible for classic allergy and implicated in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma. Interleukin-4 and IL are also regulatory cytokines, antagonizing the activities of Th1 cytokines.
Thus, the nature, intensity and duration of a specific immune response depend on the delicate balance between Th1 and Th2 numbers or activities or both. The authors wish to thank the Director and Management for the necessary fund to conduct this project and patients for their consent.
Source of Support: The Director and Management. Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Lung India v.
Lung India. Sudha S. Deo , Kejal J. Mistry , Amol M. Kakade , and Pramod V. Niphadkar 1. Kejal J. Amol M. Pramod V. Niphadkar 1 Sir H. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Address for correspondence: Dr. Deo, Sr. Medical Research Society, Sir H. E-mail: moc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Patients and Methods: A total of patients with various allergies and asthmatic conditions were studied, for cytokines in the serum by ELISA using kits from Immunotech, and analyzed to identify the triggering factors or main contributors towards allergy and asthma. Conclusions: This study gives a better understanding of how cytokines are the mediators of balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses and IgE synthesis is controlled by cytokines.
Keywords: Allergy, asthma, cytokines, Type 2 helper T cells. Controls A total of 24 patients were selected from a group of healthy laboratory individuals without any ailments during the past few months.
Methodology Blood was collected in plain tubes without any anti-coagulant and allowed to settle for 15 minutes for clotting and serum to be separated. Statistical analysis The results were analyzed on SPSS version 15 and student ' t ' test was used for evaluation of statistical significance.
Table 1 Data showing general characteristics of patients with total IgE. Open in a separate window. Significant values. Table 3 Association of individual cytokines in the presence of other cytokines; analysis by Spearman's correlation.
Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig. Figure 1. Excessive IL-4 production by TH2 cells has been associated with elevated IgE production and allergy[ 13 ] The critical role of IL-5 in eosinophilia has been confirmed by the use of an anti-IL-5 antibody in asthmatic patients, which almost depletes circulating eosinophils and prevents eosinophil recruitment into the airway after allergen.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the Director and Management for the necessary fund to conduct this project and patients for their consent. Regulatory role of cytokines in IgE- mediated allergy. J Leukoc Biol. Bellanti JA. Cytokines and allergic diseases: Clinical aspects. Allergy Asthma Proc. J Immunol. Background: Atopic dermatitis AD is a common disease with an increasing prevalence. The primary pathogenesis of the disease is still elusive, resulting in the lack of specific treatments.
AD is currently considered a biphasic disease, with T H 2 predominating in acute disease and a switch to T H 1 characterizing chronic disease. Elucidation of the molecular factors that participate in the onset of new lesions and maintenance of chronic disease is critical for the development of targeted therapeutics. Objectives: We sought to characterize the mechanisms underlying the onset and maintenance of AD.
After th2 cytokines are released, they locate immune cells throughout the body and then bind to these cells, triggering specific immune responses. Immune cytokines can be either th1 or th2, and the two types differ in a few important ways. The most apparent difference is that th1 cytokines are produced by th1 helper cells, as opposed to th2 helper cells. Whether an attacking virus or bacteria invades inside or outside of cells is also important, as intracellular invaders tend to trigger th1 cytokine responses, while outside agents call upon th2 cytokine responses.
As such, th1 cytokines activate white blood cells called macrophages inside of tissues. In contrast, th2 cytokines activate antibodies in what is known as a humoral immune response, and this type of response will most likely occur when the concentration of an invading substance is high.
Some th2 interleukins stimulate the body to produce antibodies and interact with white blood cells, such as interleukins 4, 5, and Others promote the generation of themselves and other th2 cytokines, like interleukin 4.
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